Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 2345-5004 15 1 2026 01 01 Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of Peganum harmala L. seed extracts on gastric adenocarcinoma 75 81 10.34172/jhp.2026.53309 EN Mohammad-Taghi Moradi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3103-3740 Nafiseh Bagherian Khouzani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-239X Ali Rafieian https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0622-3449 Majid Asadi-Samani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-8729 Mohammad Reza Khosravi Farsani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-7846 Niloufar Mousiany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-3911 Journal Article 10.34172/jhp.2026.53309 2025 05 05 2025 08 25 Introduction: Gastric cancer treatment remains challenging due to side effects and limited options. This study investigated Peganum harmala L., a traditional medicinal plant with anticancer alkaloids, by evaluating its crude extract and fractions for antiproliferative, apoptotic, and cell cycle effects on human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. Methods: Fractionation of the crude hydroalcoholic extract was done using solvents of varying polarity (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and n-hexane). Antiproliferative effects were assessed via MTT assay at five concentrations (0-200 µg/mL) on AGS and human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Apoptosis and cell cycle were conducted via flow cytometric technique after 48 h treatment by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide binding and propidium iodide intercalation into nuclear DNA, respectively. Results: The crude extract and three fractions (chloroform, n-butanol, ethyl acetate) showed selective cytotoxicity against AGS cells versus HDFs (P<0.05). The n-butanol fraction indicated the highest potency compared to the crude extract and other fractions (P<0.05). Apoptosis analysis via flow cytometry indicated a noticeable increase in apoptosis in AGS cells treated with P. harmala crude extract, compared to untreated cells (P<0.05). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that both the crude extract and n-butanol fraction significantly arrested cells in the G2/M phase while reducing the G1 phase population (P<0.05). Conclusion: P. harmala seed extracts demonstrate significant, selective antiproliferative effects on gastric cancer cells, mediated partly through the induction of apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle in G2/M phase. These findings validate traditional uses and highlight the n-butanol fraction as particularly promising for further anticancer development.